When working with closely held businesses and their advisors, C3 Financial Partners’ Senior Partner, Carolyn J. Smith, is fond of pointing out that a canoe and business have a lot in common. There are two times someone can get in trouble with both – getting in and getting out!
The ‘getting out’ of a business does not have to be difficult if the owners plan and prepare for their exits, whether on their own schedule or because of an unexpected event such as a death or disability.
According to PwC’s 2021 Family Business Survey, only 34% of family businesses have a documented and communicated continuity plan in place. Conversely, a recent survey by BEI reports that 56% of business owners want to sell or transfer their ownership within the next ten years.
C3 Financial Partners can help family businesses plan for an orderly transition upon a triggering event such as the death, disability, retirement or withdrawal of any of the business’s shareholders, owner or business partners.
Crafting a Comprehensive Buy-Sell Agreement
Identifying Opportunities and Challenges
A “best practice” for exit planning involves a team of collaborative advisors who work together to identify what possible opportunities and obstacles a business owner’s plan may encounter. These discussions commonly lead to developing the terms for a buy-sell agreement, which documents and identifies the triggering events, valuation methodologies, payment terms, etc.
Many businesses look to future cash flow as a way to fund a buy-sell strategy…but is that the most efficient method to purchase the interest in the case of a deceased or disabled owner?
Funding the Buy-Sell Strategy
For buy-sell plans triggered by disability and death, life insurance is often part of the solution since it provides an immediate income tax-free source of capital when a business needs it most. Proceeds received from life insurance may provide estate liquidity to offset debt, expenses and taxes. It may also provide a valuable income stream for loved ones.
When using life insurance to fund a buy-sell agreement, business owners generally choose between one of three plans:
- Cross-Purchase Plan
- Entity Redemption Plan
- Hybrid Plan
When addressing the disability of an owner, separate disability policies may be purchased under each of these plans or the cash value from life insurance policies may be tapped to meet the obligation.
Navigating the Cross-Purchase Plan
In a cross-purchase plan, each owner purchases a life insurance policy on the other owners. Then, when an owner dies, the remaining owners use the payout from the life insurance policy to buy the deceased owner’s share of the business.
These purchasing owners receive a full step-up in basis. As part of a cross-purchase plan, the departing owner, or the owner’s estate if they die, is obligated to sell their interest to the company.
Simplifying Complex Ownership Structures
These arrangements are fairly straight-forward if there are two or three owners but, as the number of owners increases, so does the complexity of the plan due to the number of policies required.
One way to address this complexity is to have a trust or a partnership acquire the policies on the lives of each owner, with each owner having his or her pro rata ownership in the trust the same as the ownership in the business entity.
C3 Financial Partners can help business owners and their advisors evaluate if a cross-purchase plan makes sense and how life insurance can be optimally positioned to fund exit contingencies.
Exploring the Entity Redemption Plan
An entity, or stock, redemption plan is where each owner enters into an agreement with the business to sell their interest to the business. The company then purchases a life insurance policy on the life of each owner. When an owner dies, his or her shares can be redeemed by the company using the policy’s income tax-free death benefit.
Tax Implications and Considerations
If an owner were to leave the business, the company can use the cash value from the policy to help purchase that owner’s interest. The company could also give the policy on the life of the departing owner to the owner as full or partial payment of the owner’s interest. The policy could then be used by the departing shareholder in estate or future income planning.
Under an entity redemption plan only one policy per owner is needed and the cash value of the policies is recorded as a business asset. However, there is not an increase in basis for the surviving shareholder and, if family members are involved, IRC §318 may create special tax problems that should be considered.
C3 Financial Partners can help business owners and their advisors evaluate if an entity redemption plan makes sense and how life insurance can be optimally positioned to fund exit contingencies.
Embracing the Flexibility of a Hybrid Plan
The “Wait-and-See” Approach
A hybrid plan is also known as a “wait-and-see” plan as it allows business owners to postpone the choice between a cross-purchase plan and an entity redemption plan until the occurrence of a triggering event.
In a hybrid plan, both the business and the owners agree to purchase the interest of a departing owner. Usually, the business has the first option to buy the interest with the other owners having the second option to purchase the interest, or any remainder of it. Then, the business must buy any unpurchased interest of the departing owner.
Life Insurance as a Strategic Tool
Each of the individual owners and the entity are potential life insurance buyers. The business has the greatest exposure since it has a binding obligation to purchase the interest if the two options are unexercised, or incompletely exercised.
C3 Financial Partners can help business owners and their advisors evaluate if a hybrid plan makes sense and how life insurance can be optimally positioned to fund exit contingencies.
Ready To Make A Graceful Exit?
Let’s go to work together to make the transition out of the canoe successful for business owners. At C3 Financial Partners, we look forward to helping our clients gain clarity in their goals and objectives, confidence that they are making the right decisions, and coordinating with their other advisors.